Authorial Territories

In the post-Truffaut/Bazin/Sarris auteurist world we tend to discount the importance of screenwriters in the creation of the film as a unified work, instead giving the director almost sole claim to final authorship. Usually, we're not in error in doing so. Even in cases where a film is adapted from a text by a respected writer, the unique qualities of the adaptation tend to overwhelm those of the original text, especially in the realm of art film. All of this changes, however, when the respected writer becomes the respected screenwriter. The respected writer, used to directing his plots and characters with complete tyranny from the comfort of his own home, isn't about to let some upstart director muscle in on his territory completely. The results of conflicts like this are works like Hitchcock's Shadow of a Doubt (1942), made from a script by Thornton Wilder, and Resnais' Last Year at Marienbad (1961), undoubtedly great films, but ones where the signature touches of multiple creators are strongly in evidence.But what happens when you have not one, but two respected writers assuming screenwriting duties for an auteurist director? In 1969, Argentinean filmmaker Hugo Santiago made a film called Invasión. Santiago had previously only made two shorts, both adaptations of stories by Jorge Luis Borges, but showed such promise with them that Borges himself decided to write an original script for the young artist to direct.
To assist him in this enterprise, Borges brought on board his protege and frequent collaborator, Adolfo Bioy Casares, a writer who shared Borges enthusiasm for distortions of reality and Robert Louis Stevenson, but whose primary medium was the novel, not the short story, and whose work is chracterised by a black humor and playfulness often lacking in the older writer's work. Film had also long been a preoccupation in Casares writing. His most famous work, the 1940 novella The Invention of Morel, about a castaway obsessed by a woman who is eventually revealed to eb a mere holographic projection, was inspired by Casares' own unreasonable crush on the screen persona of Louise Brooks. Morel is also frequently cited as the (unackowledged) inspiration for Resnais and Robbe-Grillet's Last Year at Marienbad. Asleep in the Sun (1973) makes numerous references to Robert Wise's 1945 film The Body Snatcher, which was in turn based on a short story by Stevenson. (I hope to return to this relationship in a later post.)
Invasion is itself an adaptation of sorts, a recreation, like many of Borges works, of a classical text. Here, the starting point is The Iliad. It is the story of a city, one easily recognizable as Buenas Aires, but here disguised half-heartedly under the name Aquilea. The city is under attack. It is not clear by whom, or by what means, but the danger is nonetheless palpable and omnipresent. Men in suits and trenchcoats plot in cafes, an armada of civilian automobiles lurk ominously in a field.
The city is being defended by a secret group of only a handful of ragtag individuals, all with day jobs, all tired, all middle aged, except for their leader, a decrepit old man whose most deliberate action in the film is a shopping trip. At the same time, they have the romantic, desperate air of characters in Martin Fierro; they're getting older, but they'll still die fighting.
Somewhat surprisingly, plot is rather thin on the ground in Invasión. We have no real investment in the story or the chracters that move it along, partly because the characters don't move the story along; they're just archetypes playing a role, being pulled along by a historical plot that's been played out many times before and will be played out again. In this respect, the film shows some similarities with Borges stories like "The Immortal" and "The Theme of the Traitor and the Hero". So, instead of engrossing it's audience in a narrative, the film focuses on atmosphere, on image and sound.
It's shot in very high contrast black and white, with many night time scenes, all filled with the glare of car headlights or the brief flares of gunfire. Odd sirens are constantly, inexplicably whining in the background, their peculiar high pitched wails closer to caterwauling than an ordinary klaxon. Unusual architectural spaces are exploited to their utmost, filled with the enigmatic figures of trenchcoated men and their unnaturally extended shadows.
It is this remarkable atmosphere, this focus on the cinematic above all else, above plot, character, even intellectual concepts, that makes it clear that Santiago was not merely some hack at the mercy of all of "Biorges'" whims and wishes. At the same time, the film is unmistakably marked by the two writers, could never have existed without them.
Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares wrote one more script for Santiago, resulting in 1974's Les autres, but cinema would not return to Aquilea until 1986, when Santiago made Les trottoirs de Saturne, a film about Aquilean political refugees living in Paris. The latter was made without the participation of Borges or Casares.
Fig A: Shadow of a Doubt, Hitchcock, 1942; Fig B: Last Year at Marienbad, Resnais, 1961; Fig C, D, E, F, G, H: Invasion, Santiago, 1969; Fig I: Les trottoirs de Saturne, Santiago, 1986